Academic Articles

Economic Analysis of School Quality. European Economy: Quality and Efficiency in Education, Special Report No 3. Brussels: Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, European Commission, 2004, pp. 29-48.

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Redistribution through Education and Other Transfer Mechanisms. (with Charles Ka Yui Leung and Kuzey Yilmaz) . Journal of Monetary Economic, 50(8), November 2003, pp. 1719-1750.

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Does Peer Ability Affect Student Achievement?. (with John F. Kain, Jacob M. Markman, and Steven G. Rivkin). Journal of Applied Econometrics, 18(5), October 2003, pp. 527-544.

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Efficiency and Equity in Schools around the World. (with Javier A. Luque) . Economics of Education Review, 22(5), October 2003, pp. 481-502.

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Does Public School Competition Affect Teacher Quality?. (with Steven G. Rivkin). In Caroline Minter Hoxby (ed.). The Economics of School Choice, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003, pp. 23-47.

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Lessons about the Design of State Accountability Systems. (with Margaret E. Raymond). In Paul E. Peterson and Martin R. West (ed.). No Child Left Behind? The Politics and Practice of Accountability, Washington, DC: Brookings, 2003, pp. 126-151.

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Improving Educational Quality: How Best to Evaluate Our Schools. (with Margaret E. Raymond). In Yolanda Kodrzycki (ed.). Education in the 21st Century: Meeting the Challenges of a Changing World, Boston, MA: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 2003, pp. 193-224.

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The Failure of Input-based Schooling Policies. The Economic Journal, 113, February 2003, pp. 64-98.

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Inferring Program Effects for Specialized Populations: Does Special Education Raise Achievement for Students with Disabilities. (with John F. Kain and Steven G. Rivkin) . Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(4), November 2002, pp. 584-599.

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Evidence, Politics, and the Class Size Debate. In Lawrence Mishel and Richard Rothstein (ed.) , The Class Size Debate, Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, 2002, pp. 37-65.

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Publicly Provided Education. in Alan J. Auerbach and Martin Feldstein (ed.) . Handbook of Public Economics (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2002), 2002, pp. 2045-2141.

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The Confusing World of Educational Accountability. (with Margaret E. Raymond) . National Tax Journal, 54(2), June 2001, pp. 365-384.

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Spending on Schools. In Terry Moe (ed.), A Primer on American Education, Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2001, pp. 69-88.

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Black-white Achievement Differences and Governmental Interventions. American Economic Review, 91(2), May 2001, pp. 24-28.

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Schooling, Inequality, and the Impact of Government. (with Julie A. Somers). In Finis Welch (ed.). The Causes and Consequences of Increasing Inequality, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 169-199.

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Economics of Education. In Paul B. Baltes and Neil J. Smelser (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 6, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2001, pp. 4200-4208.

Schooling, Labor Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations. (with Dennis D. Kimko) . American Economic Review, 90(5), December 2000, pp. 1184-1208.

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Smaller Classes, Lower Salaries? The Effects of Class Size on Teacher Labor Markets. (with Javier Luque). In Sabrina W.M. Laine and James G. Ward (ed.). Using What We Know: A Review of the Research on Implementing Class-Size Reduction Initiatives for State and Local Policymakers, Oak Brook, Ill.: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, 2000, pp. 35-51.

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The Evidence on Class Size. in Susan E. Mayer and Paul E. Peterson (ed.) . Earning and learning: How schools matter, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1999, pp. 131-168.

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Some Findings from an Independent Investigation of the Tennessee STAR Experiment and from Other Investigations of Class Size Effects. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 21(2), Summer 1999, pp. 143-163.

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Budgets, Priorities, and Investment in Human Capital. In Marvin H. Kosters (ed.), Financing College Tuition: Government Policies and Educational Priorities, Washington, DC AEI Press, 1999, pp. 8-27.

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Understanding the 20th Century Growth in U.S. School Spending. (with Steven G. Rivkin) . Journal of Human Resources, 31(1), Winter 1997, pp. 34-68.

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Incentives Are Key to Improved Schools. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy, 12(3), 1997, pp. 62-67.

Health and Schooling: Evidence and Policy Implications for Developing Countries. (with João Batista Gomes-Neto, Raimundo Hélio Leite, and Roberto Cláudio Frota-Bezzera) . Economics of Education Review, 16(3), June 1997, pp. 271-282.

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Assessing the Effects of School Resources on Student Performance: An Update. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 19(2), Summer 1997, pp. 141-164.

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Applying Performance Incentives to Schools for Disadvantaged Populations. Education and Urban Society, 29(3), May 1997, pp. 296-316.

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The Productivity Collapse in Schools. In William J. Fowler, Jr. (ed.) , Developments in School Finance, 1996, Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, 1997, pp. 183-195.

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Analytical Framework for Retirement Policy Decisions. (with Constance F. Citro). In Michael S. Gordon, Olivia S. Mitchell, and Marc M. Twinney (ed.). Positioning Pensions for the Twenty-first Century, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997, pp. 209-219.

Aggregation and the Estimated Effects of School Resources. (with Steven G. Rivkin and Lori L. Taylor) . Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(4), December 1996, pp. 611-627.

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A More Complete Picture of School Resource Policies. Review of Educational Research, 66(3), Fall 1996, pp. 397-409.

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Measuring Investment in Education. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(4), Fall 1996, pp. 9-30.

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The Identification of School Resource Effects. (with Steven G. Rivkin and Lori L. Taylor). Education Economics, 4(2), 1996, pp. 105-125.

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Rationalizing School Spending: Efficiency, Equity, and Externalities, and Their Connection to Rising Expenditure. In Victor Fuchs (ed.), Individual and Social Responsibility: Child Care, Education, Medical Care, and Long-Term Care in America , University of Chicago Press/NBER, 1996, pp. 59-91.

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School Resources and Student Performance. In Gary Burtless (ed.), Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement and Adult Success, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1996, pp. 43-73.

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Efficiency-Enhancing Investments in School Quality. (with João Batista Gomes Neto and Ralph W. Harbison). In Nancy Birdsall and Richard H. Sabot (ed.). Opportunity Foregone: Education in Brazil , Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 1996, pp. 385-424.

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Interpreting Recent Research on Schooling in Developing Countries. World Bank Research Observer, 10(2), August 1995, pp. 227-246.

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Who Chooses to Teach and Why?. (with Richard Pace) . Economics of Education Review, 14(2), June 1995, pp. 101-117.

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The (Dis)Incentive to Settle Personal Injury Cases. (with Michael J. Wolkoff). New York State Bar Journal, 67(3), 1995, pp. 52-56.

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Production Functions in Education. In T. Husén and T. N. Postlethwaite (ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Education, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1995, pp. 4059-4070.

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The Quest for Equalized Mediocrity: School Finance Reform without Consideration of School Performance. In Lawrence O. Picus and James L. Wattenbarger (ed.), Where Does the Money Go? Resource Allocation in Elementary and Secondary Schools, Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 1996, pp. 20-43.

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