Education and Race: An Analysis of the Educational Production Process

Chapter one of this study of the education of minorities in the United States delineates the past record of the educational system in equating the educational levels of whites and minorities. It also sets the background of the educational system in terms of the dynamics of urban areas and the financial problems faced by school systems. Within chapter two, the basic concepts of production relationships for education are described. Such input-output relationships provide a basic method for organizing what we know about the educational process. From a production function, it is possible to make decisions about educational policy. This chapter both describes the decision rules which administrators should use and presents a conceptual model of the educational process. Chapters three through five illustrate how data from the past operations of the school system can be used to gain insights into the educational process. Statistical models representing the educational process in elementary schools are developed. Chapter six looks into the question of school desegregation in some detail. The implications of racial and ethnic composition in earlier chapters are related to current discussions of the educational value of desegregation. Finally, an attempt is made in chapter seven to outline how such an analysis provides inputs to the educational decision maker.

CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Topics in Public Education
	Resource Allocation	2
	Distribution of Educational Services	4
	Production Functions for Education	7
	Directions of Analysis	8
Chapter 2. A Conceptual Model of the Educational Process
	A Simple Decision Rule	12
	Educational Production Functions	15
	A Conceptual Model	16
	The Output of Education	20
	Skill Aspects of Education	20
	Socialization Aspects of Education	23
	Joint Production	26
	Inputs to Education	26
	Family Background	27
	Peer Group Inputs	28
	Initial Endowments	29
	School Factors	31
	Functional Form	32
	The Conceptual Model	33
Chapter 3. Single System, Individual Student Analysis
	Measuring a School System	36
	Do Teachers Count?	38
	Efficiency Aspects of Schools	40
	Characteristics of Teachers	42
	White, Manual Occupation	43
	White, Nonmanual Occupation
	Inconsequential Inputs
	Single System Conclusions
Chapter 4. Multisystem Analysis-White Education
	Model Modification and Sample Data	53
	Educational Production Functions for White Sixth Graders	58
	Central Cities	61
	Family Background	62
	Pre-School	65
	Migration	66
	Attitudes	67
	School Effects	69
	Black Concentration	73
	Facilities	74
	The Education of Whites	76
Chapter 5. Multisystem Analysis-Black Education
	Black Sample	78
	Educational Production Functions for Black Sixth Graders	79
	Some Minor Differences	81
	Family Background and Attitudes	83
	The Effect of Schools	86
	Racial Composition	89
	Miscellany	91
	The Education of Blacks	92
Chapter 6. Race and Public Education
	The Problem-Socialization Aspects	97
	The Narrow Analysis of Segregation	99
	Incomplete Models of Education	100
	A Qualification	104
	Desegregation and Educational Policy	105
Chapter 7. Summary and Beyond
	The Findings	108
	Implications for Policy-Resource Allocation	111
	Hiring Teachers	112
	Teacher Accountability	114
	Implications for Policy-The Distribution of Educational Services	115
	Compensatory Education	116
	School Desegregation	117
	Community Control of Schools	120
	Restructuring Options	121
	A Synthesis	122
	Needed Information	123
	A Final Word	124
Appendix
The OE Survey DataNotes
Bibliography
Index
List of Tables
	1-1 Approval on School Bond Elections, 1962-1970 1-2 Achievement Differentials by Race and Region; Average Grade Levels Behind the Average White in the Metropolitan Northeast, Verbal Ability 3-1 F-Statistics for Null Hypothesis of Uniform Teacher Effects 3.2 Tests for Significant Effect of Pay Parameters 3-3 Variable Definitions, Means and Standard Deviations-White Manual Occupation Model 3-4 Simple Correlations for Teacher Characteristics-White Manual Sample 3-5 Variable Definitions, Means and Standard Deviations-Nonmanual Occupation Model 4-1 Distribution of White Schools by Percentage of Sixth Graders Who are Black 4-2 Variable Definitions for the White Educational Production Functions 4-3 Means and Standard Deviations for Variables in the White Educational Production Functions 5-1 Distribution of Black Schools by Percentage of Sixth Graders Who Are Black 5-2 Variable Definitions for the Black Educational Production Functions 5-3 Means and Standard Deviations for Variables in the Black Educational Production Functions 5-4 Facility Characteristics of Elementary Schools for Blacks and Whites-Metropolitan Northeast and Midwest 6-1 Distribution of Black Students by Minority Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1968 7-1 Public Elementary and Secondary SchoolsPercentage Distribution of Classroom Teachers, By Experience and Degrees Held: 1970